2012 Report Card - Excel Academy Charter School - Boston II
Excel Academy Charter School - Boston II (04590305)
Owen Stearns, Principal Mailing Address: 1150 Saratoga Street East Boston, MA 02128
Phone: (617) 561-1371 FAX: (617) 963-7162 Website: http://www.excelacademy.org Organization Description: Excel Academy Charter School-Boston II's opening date is August 2012. At full-scale, the school will serve 448 5th-12th grade students.
Overview:
This report card contains information required by the federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) for our school and district including: student enrollment and teacher qualifications, student achievement, accountability, and the progress our school is making toward narrowing proficiency gaps for different groups of students.
Enrollment and Educator Data (2011-12 School Year)
A highly qualified teacher is defined as a teacher holding a Massachusetts teaching license at the Provisional, Initial, or Professional level and demonstrating subject matter competency in the areas they teach. Core academic areas include English, reading or language arts, mathematics, science, foreign languages, civics and government, economics, arts, history, and geography. (Notes: Self-contained classroom courses have been weighted to reflect the core academic courses within them.)
High poverty schools are schools in the top quartile of poverty in the state. Low poverty schools are in the bottom quartile of poverty in the state.
Waivers are granted to unlicensed or inappropriately licensed personnel upon district request if the district was unable, after making a good faith effort, to find a capable, appropriately licensed candidate for a teaching position. Waivers are valid for only one school year. For more information on waivers, please see the section entitled About the Data at the end of this document.
Enrollment (2011-12)
School
District
State
Race/Ethnicity (%)
Gender (%)
Selected Populations (%)
Grades Offered:
05, 06
Educator Data (2011-12)
2011 Massachusetts and Nationwide NAEP Results by Student Group Average Scaled Scores and Percentages of Students at Each Achievement Level
NAEP, or the National Assessment of Educational Progress, is often called the "Nation's Report Card." It is the only measure of student achievement in the United States that allows you to compare the performance of students in Massachusetts with the performance of students across the nation or in other states. Students take the NAEP in reading and mathematics every two years. When reviewing these results, it is important to keep in mind that the NAEP results are based on a small sample of students across Massachusetts, not the population of Massachusetts students. For more information, please visit http://www.doe.mass.edu/mcas/naep/faq.html.
The following symbols are used to denote the NAEP achievement levels: A for Advanced, P+ for Proficient and above, B+ for Basic and above, BB for Below Basic. The symbol "#" means that the estimated number of students rounds to zero.
GRADE LEVEL 4 - READING
Student Group
Massachusetts
National Public
Avg. Scaled Score
% at Each Level
Avg. Scaled Score
% at Each Level
A
P+
B+
BB
% Assessed
A
P+
B+
BB
% Assessed
All Students
237
16
50
83
17
100
220
7
32
66
34
100
Stud. w/ Disab
213
4
22
56
44
14
186
2
11
32
68
11
LEP/FLEP
204
1
12
46
54
7
188
1
7
30
70
11
African American/Black
216
3
24
61
39
9
205
2
16
49
51
16
Asian/Pacific Islander
243
25
56
85
15
6
234
17
49
79
21
5
Hispanic/Latino
216
4
23
62
38
14
205
2
18
50
50
23
White
243
18
59
89
11
68
230
10
42
77
23
52
Low-Income
218
4
25
66
34
33
207
2
18
52
48
52
GRADE LEVEL 4 - MATHEMATICS
Student Group
Massachusetts
National Public
Avg. Scaled Score
% at Each Level
Avg. Scaled Score
% at Each Level
A
P+
B+
BB
% Assessed
A
P+
B+
BB
% Assessed
All Students
253
13
58
93
7
100
240
6
40
82
18
100
Stud. w/ Disab
233
3
26
76
24
16
218
2
17
55
45
12
LEP/FLEP
228
2
20
72
28
7
219
1
14
58
42
11
African American/Black
235
3
27
81
19
9
224
1
17
66
34
16
Asian/Pacific Islander
267
30
76
98
2
6
256
20
62
91
9
5
Hispanic/Latino
236
4
32
80
20
15
229
2
24
72
28
24
White
258
15
67
96
4
68
249
9
52
91
9
52
Low-Income
239
4
36
83
17
34
229
2
24
73
27
52
GRADE LEVEL 8 - READING
Student Group
Massachusetts
National Public
Avg. Scaled Score
% at Each Level
Avg. Scaled Score
% at Each Level
A
P+
B+
BB
% Assessed
A
P+
B+
BB
% Assessed
All Students
275
6
46
84
16
100
264
3
32
75
25
100
Stud. w/ Disab
249
1
16
59
41
14
230
#
7
36
64
10
LEP/FLEP
211
#
1
17
83
3
223
#
3
29
71
5
African American/Black
255
2
20
68
32
7
248
1
14
58
42
16
Asian/Pacific Islander
288
14
61
90
10
4
275
8
46
82
18
5
Hispanic/Latino
248
1
18
59
41
13
251
1
18
63
37
22
White
282
8
53
91
9
73
272
4
41
84
16
54
Low-Income
257
1
25
70
30
32
251
1
18
63
37
48
GRADE LEVEL 8 - MATHEMATICS
Student Group
Massachusetts
National Public
Avg. Scaled Score
% at Each Level
Avg. Scaled Score
% at Each Level
A
P+
B+
BB
% Assessed
A
P+
B+
BB
% Assessed
All Students
299
15
51
86
14
100
283
8
34
72
28
100
Stud. w/ Disab
268
3
16
56
44
16
249
2
9
35
65
11
LEP/FLEP
247
1
8
33
67
3
244
1
5
28
72
6
African American/Black
275
4
26
65
35
8
262
1
13
50
50
16
Asian/Pacific Islander
320
39
72
94
6
4
302
22
55
85
15
6
Hispanic/Latino
273
3
21
64
36
13
269
3
20
60
40
23
White
304
17
58
91
9
73
293
10
43
83
17
54
Low-Income
280
5
29
72
28
33
269
2
19
59
41
48
Participation Rates for Students with Disabilities and for English Language Learner Students
The NAEP program has always endeavored to assess all students selected for testing. In all NAEP schools, accommodations are provided as necessary for students with disabilities and/or English language learners. School staff who are familiar with these students are asked a series of questions to help them decide whether each student should participate in the assessment and whether the student needs accommodations.
Grade/Subject
# in Sample
% of Sample – Students with Disabilities
% of Sample – English Language Learners
% of Students Excluded from Original Sample
Grade 4 Reading
5,000
14
7
6
Grade 4 Mathematics
5,000
16
7
3
Grade 8 Reading
3,600
14
3
6
Grade 8 Mathematics
3,800
16
3
4
This organization is currently closed.
2012 MCAS Results by Student Group by Grade and Subject
NOTE: First-year ELL students are not included in achievement level or CPI results. However, first-year ELL students who took the MEPA test are counted as ELA participants; in addition, first-year ELL students who are present for Mathematics/Science and Technology/Engineering are counted as Mathematics/Science and Technology/Engineering participants. Please see the principal's administration manual (PAM) for details.
Data Under Review or Fewer than 10 students were tested.
2012 Accountability Data -
Accountability Information
Accountability and Assistance Level
-
This school's overall performance relative to other schools in same grade span (School percentiles: 1-99)
All students:
-
This school’s progress toward narrowing proficiency gaps (Cumulative Progress and Performance Index: 1-100)
Student Group (Click group to view subgroup data)
On Target = 75 or higher -
Less progress
More progress
All students
-
High needs
-
Low income
-
EL and Former EL
-
Students w/ disabilities
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
-
Asian
-
Afr. Amer./Black
-
Hispanic/Latino
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
-
White
-
Excel Academy Charter School - Boston II: Accountability Data Detail
2012 English Language Arts Proficiency Gap Narrowing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6 Year Goal
2011 CPI (Baseline)
CPI Change
2012 Target
2012 CPI
Percentile in Grade Span
N
PPI Points
Rating
All Students
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2012 Mathematics Proficiency Gap Narrowing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6 Year Goal
2011 CPI (Baseline)
CPI Change
2012 Target
2012 CPI
Percentile in Grade Span
N
PPI Points
Rating
All Students
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2012 Science Proficiency Gap Narrowing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6 Year Goal
2011 CPI (Baseline)
CPI Change
2012 Target
2012 CPI
Percentile in Grade Span
N
PPI Points
Rating
All Students
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2012 English Language Arts Extra Credit
Extra credit for increasing % Advanced (10% or more)
Extra credit for decreasing % Warning/Failing (10% or more)
Advanced Baseline %
2012 % Advanced
N
PPI Points Awarded
Warning/Failing Baseline %
2012 % Warning/Failing
N
PPI Points Awarded
All Students
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2012 Mathematics Extra Credit
Extra credit for increasing % Advanced (10% or more)
Extra credit for decreasing % Warning/Failing (10% or more)
Advanced Baseline %
2012 % Advanced
N
PPI Points Awarded
Warning/Failing Baseline %
2012 % Warning/Failing
N
PPI Points Awarded
All Students
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2012 Science Extra Credit
Extra credit for increasing % Advanced (10% or more)
Extra credit for decreasing % Warning/Failing (10% or more)
Advanced Baseline %
2012 % Advanced
N
PPI Points Awarded
Warning/Failing Baseline %
2012 % Warning/Failing
N
PPI Points Awarded
All Students
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2012 English Language Arts Growth
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6 Year Goal
2011 SGP (Baseline)
SGP Change
2012 SGP
N
Met Safe Harbor?
PPI Points
Rating
All Students
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2012 Mathematics Growth
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6 Year Goal
2011 SGP (Baseline)
SGP Change
2012 SGP
N
Met Safe Harbor?
PPI Points
Rating
All Students
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
51.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2012 MCAS Participation
English Language Arts
Mathematics
Science
Enrolled
Assessed
%
Met Target (95%)
Enrolled
Assessed
%
Met Target (95%)
Enrolled
Assessed
%
Met Target (95%)
All Students
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
High needs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Low income
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
EL and Former EL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Students w/ disabilities
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Amer. Ind. or Alaska Nat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Asian
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Afr. Amer./Black
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hispanic/Latino
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Multi-race, Non-Hisp./Lat.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nat. Haw. or Pacif. Isl.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
White
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
About the Data
Enrollment and Educator Data
Notes: The total number of teachers is displayed as the full-time equivalency count of teachers rounded to one place after the decimal.
"Social Studies" is not a core academic subject area as defined by ESEA. However, in Massachusetts it is understood that there are teachers licensed in social studies who may be teaching other core subject areas such as "geography, civics/government, or economics" under the social studies license. For this reason, districts are advised that teachers teaching under a social studies license must be highly qualified in the ESEA-defined core subject areas they are teaching.
The waiver data included in this 2012 report card reflects only academic waivers issued during the 2011-2012 school year; it does NOT include critical shortage waivers. The schools included in the data are those in school districts and Horace Mann charter schools, all of whose teachers are required to hold an appropriate license per M.G.L. c.71, §38G. Important information about waivers:
Waivers are valid for only one school year
The data does not indicate whether a teacher taught under a waiver for the full year; many teachers receive the appropriate license during the school year
The district may apply for subsequent waivers, should a teacher not obtain licensure while working under a first year waiver, but must demonstrate that the educator is making significant progress toward obtaining the required license
The waiver percentage is based on the total number of individual for whom ESE issued academic waivers, divided by the total number of teachers in the district, as reported in the October 2010 EPIMS data collection
A single teacher on a waiver in a smaller district would have a greater impact than on a larger district and the waiver percentages, therefore, are not comparable between districts
Teachers in Commonwealth charter schools are required either to be licensed or to pass the teacher test, (M.G.L. c.71, §89 (ii) and 603 CMR 1.07), and are therefore not included in the data
Horace Mann Charter School teachers are required to hold an appropriate license (M.G.L. c.71, §38G) and are therefore included in the data
Student Groups (2011-12 School Year)
African American/Black: A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. Asian: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. First Language not English: A student whose first language learned or used by the parent/guardian with the child is not English. Former ELL: A student who has transitioned out of English Language Learner (ELL) status during the current school year or within the past two school years. Hispanic/Latino: A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. English Language Learner (ELL): A student whose first language is a language other than English who is unable to perform ordinary classroom work in English. High needs: An unduplicated count of all students in a school or district belonging to at least one of the following individual subgroups: students with disabilities, English language learners (ELL) and former ELL students, or low income students (eligible for free/reduced price school lunch). Low income: An indication of whether a student is eligible for free or reduced price lunch; or the student receives Transitional Aid to Families benefits; or the student is eligible for food stamps. Migrant: An indication of whether an individual or a parent/guardian accompanying an individual maintains primary employment in one or more agricultural or fishing activities on a seasonal or other temporary basis and establishes a temporary residence for the purposes of such employment. Multi-race, Non-Hispanic/Latino: A person selecting more than one racial category and non-Hispanic. American Indian or Alaska Native: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment. Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. Students with disabilities: A student who has an Individualized Education Program (IEP) as defined under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. White: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
MCAS Data (Spring 2012 Results)
MCAS achievement levels include Advanced (A) in grades 3-8 and 10; Proficient (P) in grades 3-8 and 10; Needs Improvement (NI) in grades 3-8 and 10; Warning (W) in grades 3-8; and Failing (F) in grade 10.
Advanced: Students demonstrate a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of rigorous subject matter and provide sophisticated solutions to complex problems. Proficient: Students demonstrate a solid understanding of challenging subject matter and solve a wide variety of problems. Needs Improvement: Students demonstrate a partial understanding of subject matter and solve some simple problems. Warning/Failing: Students demonstrate a minimal understanding of subject matter and do not solve simple problems.
CPI: Massachusetts uses the 100-point Composite Performance Index (CPI) to measure progress towards this goal of narrowing proficiency gaps. The CPI assigns 100, 75, 50, 25, or 0 points to each student participating in MCAS and MCAS-Alternate Assessment tests based how close they came to scoring Proficient or Advanced. (For example, all students scoring Proficient or Advanced are assigned 100 CPI points; students with very low MCAS scores are assigned 0 CPI points.) The CPI is calculated by dividing the total number of points by the number of students in the group. The result is a number between 0 and 100. A CPI of 100 means that all students in a group are proficient.
MCAS Achievement Level (Scaled Score Range)
MCAS-Alt Achievement Level
Points Per Student
Proficient or Advanced (240-280)
Progressing (Certain disability types)*
100
Needs Improvement High (230-238)
Progressing or Emerging
75
Needs Improvement Low (220-228)
Awareness
50
Warning / Failing High (210-218)
Portfolio Incomplete
25
Warning / Failing Low (200-208)
Portfolio not Submitted
0
* Intellectual, Sensory/Deaf and Blind, Multiple Disabilities, Autism, and Developmental Delay
SGP: Each student who participated in the MCAS ELA or Mathematics tests in grades 4-8 or 10 and who also took the last MCAS test in that subject receives a Student Growth Percentile (SGP) score. The SGP compares a student's MCAS score with the scores of all students in the state at that grade level who received similar MCAS scores in prior years. SGPs range from 1 to 99, with 50 being average; higher numbers represent higher growth and lower numbers represent lower growth. An SGP of 75, for example, means the student's progress is higher than 75 percent and lower than 25 percent of the students in the state with similar prior test scores. This method works independently of MCAS achievement levels. Therefore, all students, no matter the scores they earned on past MCAS tests, have an equal chance to demonstrate growth at any of the 99 percentiles. School and district growth percentiles represent the growth of the median, or middle, student in the school or district. Most school and district median SGPs tend to range between 40 and 60. Schools outside of that range are showing less or more growth than the typical school in Massachusetts. For more information, go to http://www.doe.mass.edu/mcas/growth/
Accountability Data (2012)
Accountability and Assistance Levels
All Massachusetts schools and districts with sufficient data are classified into one of five accountability and assistance levels (1-5), with the highest performing in Level 1 and lowest performing in Level 5. In general, a district is classified into the level of its lowest performing school, unless the district was independently classified into Level 4 or 5 as a result of action by the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education.
Determination of need for special education technical assistance or intervention
The U.S. Department of Education requires Massachusetts to determine which districts (including single school districts) have specific needs for technical assistance or intervention in the area of special education. A district’s determination is based on five categories: Meets Requirements (MR); Meets Requirements-At Risk (MRAR); Needs Technical Assistance (NTA); Needs Intervention (NI); and Needs Substantial Intervention (NSI). In most cases these categories correspond to the district's accountability and assistance level, except when the district has specific compliance needs. This designation helps signal whether outcomes for all students in the district indicate progress, including that of students with disabilities, or whether technical assistance and/or intervention is needed to improve outcomes for all children, especially students with disabilities. Upon classification of a district into Level 3, two additional focus areas for special education will be reviewed at the district level and may require action: (A) over-identification of low-income students as eligible for special education and (B) inordinate separation of students with disabilities across low income and/or racial groups.
School Percentiles
A school percentile between 1 and 99 is reported for schools with at least four years of data. This number is an indication of the school's overall performance relative to other schools that serve the same or similar grades.
Cumulative Progress and Performance Index (PPI)
The cumulative PPI combines information about narrowing proficiency gaps, growth, and graduation and dropout rates over four years into a single number between 0 and 100. For a group to be considered to be making progress toward narrowing proficiency gaps, its cumulative PPI must be 75 or higher.